culture in iran pre revolution
[206], Also enforcing the will of the government were the Hezbollahi (the Party of God), "strong-arm thugs" who attacked demonstrators and offices of newspapers critical of Khomeini.[207]. The pro-Western Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was determined to drag the country into the 20th-century, and photographs of 1970s Tehran give the outward appearance that it was little different from Washington or New York. For the 19051911 revolution, see, "1979 Revolution" redirects here. In 1951, Iranian Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh pledged to throw the company out of Iran, reclaim the petroleum reserves and free Iran from foreign powers. He wanted to create a state modeled after Westernism and Europeanism. Black Tents of Baluchistan , 2000 . After the Islamic revolution, Iranian artists who fled to the United States gradually formed exile communities. SAVAK and the Iraqi government declared heart attack as the cause of death, though many believed his death was attributed to SAVAK. Opposition to the increasingly authoritarian monarchy was brutally crushed. In theory, oil money funneled to the elite was supposed to be used to create jobs and factories, eventually distributing the money, but instead the wealth tended to get stuck at the top and concentrated in the hands of the very few. In an interview the crown prince had accused the Iranian government of being resistant to change, he stated, Iran needs an overall change. There was also concern that a Shia-centric revolution in Iran may stimulate a similar uprising in Iraq, where the country's Sunni minority ruled over the Shia majority. [9][101][132] Street marches declined and oil production began increasing once again, nearly reaching pre-revolutionary levels. But there was increasing turmoil and dissent. Particularly controversial was the replacement of Islamic laws with Western ones and the forbidding of traditional Islamic clothing, separation of the sexes, and veiling of women's faces with the niqab. This alarmed many of Iran's neighbours, particularly Kuwait, Iraq and Saudi Arabia as well as Western nations dependent on Middle Eastern oil for their energy needs. Believing in something of a higher power is an amazing thing and can give insight on how a person views the world and those in it. [27] In addition to these, the Iranian Revolution sought the spread of Shia Islam across the Middle East through the ideological tenets of Khomeinism particularly as a means of uprooting the region's status quo, which favoured Sunni Islam. [164] According to Tucker's estimations, in the period of 1980 to 1985, between 25,000 and 40,000 Iranians were arrested, 15,000 Iranians were tried and 8,000 to 9,500 Iranians were executed. Culturally and religiously conservative,[92] many went on to form the core of the revolution's demonstrators and "martyrs". Will this revolution take things back to the way they were during the monarchy? [72] Such rule was ultimately "more necessary even than prayer and fasting" in Islam,[Note 2] as it would protect Islam from deviation from traditional sharia law and in so doing eliminate poverty, injustice, and the "plundering" of Muslim land by foreign non-believers. [122][14][109][142], [T]hrough the guardianship [Velayat] that I have from the holy lawgiver [the Prophet], I hereby pronounce Bazargan as the Ruler, and since I have appointed him, he must be obeyed. [172] There were groups as varied as the Fida'iyan-i Khalq, and the Mujahedin were functioning as guerrilla units during the revolutions in opposition to the Shah's regime. The Iranian Revolution, also known as the Islamic Revolution, . On the day of his arrival Khomeini made clear his rejection of Bakhtiar's government in a speech promising, "I shall kick their teeth in. [248] Those attending the rally were menaced by Hezbollahi and Revolutionary Guards and intimidated into silence.[249]. Through 1977 liberal opposition formed organizations and issued open letters denouncing the government. Bakhtiar would be appointed prime minister (a return to civilian rule), while the Shah and his family would leave the country. 21, 2010 . 200) that the laws of the Parthian Empire were tolerant towards homosexual behaviour, and Persian men were known to "indulge in intercourse with males." Insecurity and chaos created after the Constitutional Revolution led to the rise of General Reza Khan, the commander of the elite Persian Cossack Brigade who seized power in a coup d'tat in February 1921. 2020 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. Ruhollah Khomeini., Aanmoen, Oskar. [9][101][132] The cabinet he would choose was a military cabinet in name only and consisted primarily of civilian leaders. [101][110][111], However, 5,000 protesters took to the streets, either in defiance or because they had missed hearing the declaration, and faced off with soldiers at Jaleh Square. "Reading Lolita in Tehran." [165] Before the revolution was consolidated, these chants were made by various political supporters, and were often recorded on cassette tapes in underground and home studios. It resisted westernization and saw Ayatollah Khomeini as following in the footsteps of the Shi'a Imam Husayn ibn Ali, with the Shah playing the role of Husayn's foe, the hated tyrant Yazid I. The motivations of women for being part of the revolutions were complex and varied among a plethora of religious, political and economic reasons[177] and women participating were from various classes and backgrounds. He enacted a Family Protection Act that established family courts to handle divorce and child custody cases. Everything that the shah had worked to change, westernization and liberation of women specifically, had been overturned by the new Islamic Republic. It is much more than just the veil, but its about the freedom of expression, which can come in many forms; be it from deciding to indulge in listening to the Beatles, to even the decision to play a game of UNO. Mosaddegh, however, learned of Churchill's plans and ordered the British embassy to be closed in October 1952, forcing all British diplomats and agents to leave the country. Transparency International ranked Iran 136th out of 175 countries in transparency (i.e. [6][109][114] While martial law officially remained in effect, the government decided not to break up any more demonstrations or strikes (in effect, "martial law without there exactly being martial law," according to Sharif-Emami), instead continuing to negotiate with protest leaders. Khomeini was arrested in 1963 after declaring the Shah a "wretched miserable man" who had "embarked on the [path toward] destruction of Islam in Iran. Iran Post-Islamic Revolution's society Government Education Families Religion . "[81] The most powerful guerrilla groupthe People's Mujahedinwas leftist Islamist and opposed the influence of the clergy as reactionary. Censorship is handled by the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance, without whose official permission, "no books or magazines are published, no audiotapes are distributed, no movies are shown and no cultural organization is established. "[186] However, nobody could deny the unanimous central role of the Imam, and the other factions were too small to have any real impact. [114] Revolutionaries took over government buildings, TV and radio stations, and palaces of the Pahlavi dynasty, marking the end of the monarchy in Iran. [64], The post-revolutionary leaderShia cleric Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeinifirst came to political prominence in 1963 when he led opposition to the Shah and his White Revolution. [34][36] It also suffered from some basic functional failures that brought economic bottlenecks, shortages, and inflation. [208], In June 1979 the Freedom Movement released its draft constitution for the Islamic Republic that it had been working on since Khomeini was in exile. Although these bodies are subordinate to theocracy which has veto power over who can run for parliament (or Islamic Consultative Assembly) and whether its bills can become law they have more power than equivalent organs in the Shah's government. Thus, in spite of all government efforts, a cycle of violence began in which each death fueled further protest, and all protestfrom the secular left and religious rightwas subsumed under the cloak of Shii Islam and crowned by the revolutionary rallying cry Allhu akbar (God is great), which could be heard at protests and which issued from the rooftops in the evenings. "[113], After the revolution, many claimed that Islamist militants had started the fire. Thousands of komiteh or Revolutionary Committees[205] served as "the eyes and ears" of the new rule and are credited by critics with "many arbitrary arrests, executions and confiscations of property". [48] The boycotts and protests against it were widespread and extensive as result of Mirza Hasan Shirazi's fatwa (judicial decree). He retained Sharif-Emami's civilian government, hoping that protesters would avoid taking the streets. In November 1964, Khomeini was re-arrested and sent into exile where he remained for 15 years (mostly in Najaf, Iraq), until the revolution. Pre-Revolution Iranian Culture The earliest writings on Islamic music were from the 9th century The earliest songs were the huda,from the huda came nasb, rukbani and many other kinds of music, these all came from the nomadic people In the markets competitions of music and poetry were held frequently. "[307], Throughout the beginning of the 20th century and prior to the revolution, many women leaders emerged and demanded basic social rights for women. This reminds me of when Czar Romanov when him and his family were forced to flee for their lives. Some important clergy did not follow Khomeini's lead. It led to an incident in which army commandos opened fire on Ayatollah Shariatmadari's house, killing one of his students. For example, organized feminism which was around since the Pahlavi dynasty, joined the revolutionary movement after the Shah dropped the cabinet position on Women's Affairs to appease the Islamists. Please select which sections you would like to print: Alternate titles: Enqelb-e Eslm, Islamic Revolution. Ten days later, on February 11, Irans armed forces declared their neutrality, effectively ousting the shahs regime. [237], Hundreds were injured by "rocks, clubs, chains and iron bars" when Hezbollahi attacked the protesters,[235] and shortly after, a warrant was issued for the arrest of the NDF's leader. Iran's Sunni minority (about 8%) has seen some unrest. [326], The value of Iran's currency declined precipitously after the revolution. Prime Minister of the Interim Government. New York: Random House, 2003. The government also began to prosecute corrupt government and royal family members. The Shah's reforms more than quadrupled the combined size of the two classes that had posed the most challenges to his monarchy in the pastthe intelligentsia and the urban working class. Ruhollah Khomeini, the leader of the Iranian Revolution, was the grandson and son of Shiite religious leaders. [308] More organization of women's groups occurred in the 1960s and 70s, and they used the government's modernization to define and advocate for women's issues. In the decades before the Islamic revolution of 1979, Iran was ruled by the Shah, whose dictatorship repressed dissent and restricted political freedoms. [109], American General Robert Huyser, the Deputy Commander of NATO, entered Iran. "[9] Attacks continued April 21 and "the next day at the Universities at Ahwaz and Rasht. Some of the major issues highlighted were the government in Islam, the need for the clergy's independent financial organization, Islam as a way of life, advising and guiding youth and necessity of being community. By the late 1970s the economy began to struggle with rapid inflation and disaffected workers in both the public and private sector went on strike. [111], On 2 December 1978, the Muharram protests began. [111] Censorship was effectively terminated, and the newspapers began reporting heavily on demonstrations, often highly critically and negatively of the Shah. ", Another aspect was that many teachers, engineers, economists, doctors, and technocrats left Iran to escape the Cultural Revolution. The regime reacted quickly, sending Revolutionary Guards to retake the TV station, mediators to defuse complaints and activists to stage a massive pro-Khomeini counter-demonstration. [176], There are some contesting understandings in academic literature regarding the reasons behind the mobilization of women. The prospect of a fall into communism and a "second China" (after Mao Zedong won the Chinese Civil War) terrified the Dulles brothers. [6][109] In order to help create a democratic faade, Khomeini placed Westernized figures (such as Sadegh Ghotbzadeh and Ebrahim Yazdi) as the public spokesmen of the opposition, and never spoke to the media of his intentions to create a theocracy. This group of seven (in 1980-83) and then 17 (in 1984) that was later expanded to 36 in 1999 was expected to compile and organize all the cultural policies of the country. [95], In 1977 the Shah responded to the "polite reminder" of the importance of political rights by the new American president, Jimmy Carter, by granting amnesty to some prisoners and allowing the Red Cross to visit prisons. [109] In an increasingly predictable pattern, deadly riots broke out in major cities,[109][116] and again 40 days later, on 10 May. $11,425 in 1990 to Int. While some argue that the micro-level actions of women can be understood through religious and political ideologies, others argue that it is in fact the effect of manipulations of information, symbols and context which should be studied.[172]. The final collapse of the provisional non-Islamist government came at 2pm on 11 February when the Supreme Military Council declared itself "neutral in the current political disputes in order to prevent further disorder and bloodshed. Crowds in excess of one million demonstrated in Tehrn, proving the wide appeal of Khomeini, who arrived in Iran amid wild rejoicing on February 1. On 11 December, a dozen officers were shot dead by their own troops at Tehran's Lavizan barracks. [122], The Shah did not attempt to crack down on strikers,[111] but instead gave them generous wage increases, and allowed strikers who lived in government housing to remain in their homes. Sign up to receive ShareAmerica updates. All street demonstrations were banned, and a night-time curfew was established. Will the royal family finally be able to return to their home? The American "Operation Ajax", orchestrated by the CIA, was aided by the British MI6 in organizing a military coup d'tat to oust Mossadegh. But in little more than a generation, Iran had changed from a traditional, conservative, and rural society to one that was industrial, modern, and urban. The Grand Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini led this revolution, and he eventually ran the Islamic republic that replaced the monarchy after overthrowing the shah.1The Iranian Revolution transformed Irans government and the lives of all its citizens by making religion a key factor in all new laws that they made, as a reaction to the westernizing policies of the shah. It is a government based on the sharia. Beginning in the 20th century, Iran had been ruled by the Shah monarchy, which funded its decadent lifestyle through oil--mainly through concessions to Great Britain, which relied heavily upon the oil during both World Wars--while allowing the majority of Iranians to live a life defined by poverty. People accompanying Khomeini from Mehrabad to Behesht Zahra. [230] More recently, Rastyad Collective has verified the identities of more than 3,400 political dissidents who were executed between June 1981 and March 1982. "[283], Internally, Iran has had some success in recent years in the broadening of education and health care for the poor, and particularly governmental promotion of Islam, and the elimination of secularism and American influence in government. [93], All Iranians were required to join and pay dues to a new political party, the ezb-e Rastakhiz partyall other parties were banned. Some women of high-ranking positions were even forced to step down because of these new laws.11Rights of women have improved slightly since then but they still are not like what they used to be. The "Committee for Islamization of Universities" carried out the task by ensuring an "Islamic atmosphere" for every subject from engineering to the humanities. In the 1950s he was given the title of an ayatollah, which is a major religious leader among Shiites. AdBlock Detected! Hundreds served on elected local councils and millions were in the workforce, including as judges, civil servants, ambassadors and police officers. One European newspaper, the Frankfurter Neue Presse, reported that Mosaddegh "would rather be fried in Persian oil than make the slightest concession to the British." [308] However, the push-back of the Shii clerics made progress difficult, and the government had to contain its promotion of basic women's rights to the norms of the patriarchal social hierarchy in order to accommodate the clerics. While the banning of the veil was seen as liberation by educated females, rural women increasingly retreated to their homes, used to being hidden behind the garment. We are not afraid of economic sanctions or military intervention. [297] Overall, Iran's Human development Index rating has climbed significantly from 0.569 in 1980 to 0.732 in 2002, on a par with neighbouring Turkey. [66] However, anti-revolutionary sources conjectured that just 32 were killed.[67]. The Cultural Revolution (1980-1983; Persian: : Enqelbe Farhangi) was a period following the Iranian Revolution, when the academia of Iran was purged of Western and non-Islamic influences (including traditionalist unpolitical Islamic doctrines) to align them with the revolutionary and political Islam. [203] The Islamic Republican Party[204] then fought to establish a theocratic government by velayat-e faqih. At the same time, events that made up both the crisis and its resolution were the Iran hostage crisis, the invasion of Iran by Saddam Hussein's Iraq, and the presidency of Abolhassan Banisadr.[183][185]. [166] "Iran Iran" or "Allah Allah" chants are famous revolutionary songs. Tehran's martial law commander was General Gholam-Ali Oveissi, who was known for his severity against opponents. Culture in Iran (Pre-Revolution 33 Learn about Prezi MD Marvin DeVera Thu Apr 21 2016 Outline 21 frames Reader view In the 1950's and 60's, art in Iran was quite modern and contemporary Iran art includes architecture, painting, weaving, pottery, calligraphy, metalworking and sculpture. [82], Khomeini worked to unite this opposition behind him (except for the unwanted 'atheistic Marxists'),[8][83] focusing on the socio-economic problems of the Shah's government (corruption and unequal income and development),[8][84] while avoiding specifics among the public that might divide the factions[85]particularly his plan for clerical rule, which he believed most Iranians had become prejudiced against as a result of propaganda campaign by Western imperialists. The Council had been active in repressing the student movement of 19831989, "banning many books and purging thousands of students and lecturers." Iranian Culture Pre-Islamic Revolution By: Gabriel Godwin, Miranda Clark, Courtney Hurtn, Zehra Quadr sports men at the age of 24 participated in these sports the popular sports were wrestling, skiing, polo, and soccer. Here are photos of Iranian society prior to the 1979 revolution. [Note 9] and several women have been elected to the Iranian parliament. In light of his continued vocal opposition to the modernization campaign after being arrested twice, Khomeini was exiled from Iran in 1964. [14], By summer, the protests had stagnated, remaining at a steady rate for four months, with about 10,000 participants in each major citywith the exception of Isfahan, where protests were larger, and Tehran, where they were smallerprotesting every 40 days. The resistance of Khomeiniist control at many universities was largely unsuccessful. [101], On the morning of 16 January 1979, Bakhtiar was officially appointed prime minister. Since the revolution, university enrollment and the number of women in the civil service and higher education has risen. [229] Most victims of the 1981 massacre were young activists aged eleven to twenty-four. The military was crumbling, with its leadership completely paralyzed, unsure of whether to support Bakhtiar or act on their own, and rank-and-file soldiers either demoralized or deserting. On 16 January 1979, Pahlavi left the country and went into exile as the last Iranian monarch,[13] leaving behind his duties to Iran's Regency Council and Shapour Bakhtiar, the opposition-based Iranian prime minister. and "The Shah is the guilty one! Still, for a period of almost 40 years, the Shah led Iran through a series of sweeping changes. This voluminous work, reflects Iran's ancient history, its unique cultural values, its pre-Islamic Zoroastrian religion, and its sense of nationhood. [19], On 7 January 1978, an article titled "Iran and Red and Black Colonization" appeared in the national daily Ettela'at newspaper. All Iranians want change, it is time for change. [208] The results showed that 98.2% had voted in favor of the Islamic Republic. By January 1980 "at least 582 persons had been executed. Instead, it paved the way for an Islamic Revolution. It was the most profitable British business in the world. Though an adviser to Khomeini, he was a leftist who clashed with another ally of Khomeini, the theocratic Islamic Republic Party (IRP) the controlling power in the new parliament. Over 20 people lost their lives in these university confrontations. Like his father, the Shah's government was known for its autocracy, its focus on modernization and Westernization, and for its disregard for religious[citation needed] and democratic measures in Iran's constitution. The shah, weakened by cancer and stunned by the sudden outpouring of hostility against him, vacillated between concession and repression, assuming the protests to be part of an international conspiracy against him. Part of the reason for launching the White Revolution was that the Shah hoped to get rid of the influence of landlords and to create a new base of support among the peasants and working class. [269][270][271][272][273], In the Muslim world, particularly in its early years, the revolution inspired enormous enthusiasm and redoubled opposition to western imperialism, intervention and influence. They demanded the end of censorship and claimed the freedom of expression. [316][317][318] Amnesty International reports that approximately 5,000 gays have been executed in Iran since the revolution, including two gay men executed in 2014, both hanged for engaging in consensual homosexual relations. [176], The contributions of women to the revolutions and the intentions behind these contributions are complex and layered. [248] Leaders of the Freedom Movement of Iran were compelled to make and publicly broadcast apologies for supporting the Front's appeal. [240] The party was suppressed,[239] and in 1982 Shariatmadari was "demoted" from the rank of Grand Ayatollah and many of his clerical followers were purged. Other shortcomings of the previous regime. It is evident we are not. 2013. Indian American CEOs exemplify countries shared ambitions. During the massacre, hundreds of minors were also subjected to arbitrary detention, torture, and summary executions on ideologically motivated charges of ifsad-fi-alarz and moharebeh by the revolutionary courts. The period leading up to Iran's Islamic Revolution was a time of major upheaval and reform. The same day, a tearful Shah and his family left Iran for exile in Egypt, never to return. Auld Lang Syne: New year, same beloved song. [123][125][126][127][128][129] After the Islamic Republic government executed a police officer for the act, a man claiming to be the lone surviving arsonist claimed he was responsible for starting the fire. [19][109][111][112], On 18 February, 40 days after the Qom protests, demonstrations broke out in various different cities. With how things are in the country right now, there may be another revolution arising. Culture in Iran (Pre-islamic revolution) Culture In Iran (Pre-Islamic Revolution) Sports: - Skiing - Hiking - Trekking -* Soccer - ** Wrestling Art: - Persian Art - Architecture - Painting Weaving - Pottery -Calligraphy - Sculpture Music: - Religious - Traditions - Persian / The reviewer, Philip Kennicott, called Iran a vibrant and artistically rich society. '[149] Crowds were now known to chant "Islam, Islam, Khomeini, We Will Follow You," and even "Khomeini for King. 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[ 249 ] mobilization of women specifically, had been overturned by the new Islamic.! Revolution take things back to the United States gradually formed exile communities were in the country Sunni... And publicly broadcast apologies for supporting the Front 's appeal would be appointed prime minister ( a to... Troops at Tehran 's Lavizan barracks / Leaf Group Media, all Rights Reserved Islamic Party... Of when Czar Romanov when him and his family would leave the country right now There... Things back to the increasingly authoritarian monarchy was brutally crushed ( about 8 % ) has seen some.... 248 ] Those attending the rally were menaced by Hezbollahi and Revolutionary Guards and intimidated into silence. [ ]... 229 ] most victims of the freedom of expression Shah led Iran through series... Upheaval and reform December 1978, the contributions of women in the country right now, There may Another. 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